BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH 


OP 


LOUIS  FRANCOIS  I)E  POUETALES. 

s 


BY 

ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ. 


[Reprinted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences.] 


CAMBRIDGE: 

UNIVERSITY  PRESS:  JOHN  WILSON  AND  SON. 

1881. 


fen  o- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH. 


J 


Louis  F.  de  Pourtales  was  born  in  Neuchatel  on  the  4th  of 
March,  1824,  and  died  at  Beverly  Farms,  on  the  17th  of  July,  1880, 
in  the  fifty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  sinking  after  a severe  illness  under 
an  internal  malady.  The  blow  fell  the  more  heavily  upon  his  family 
and  friends  and  upon  his  scientific  colleagues,  because  his  fine  constitu- 
tion, combined  with  a manly  vigor  of  body  and  mind,  had  seemed  to 
defy  disease  and  to  promise  years  of  activity. 

Educated  as  an  engineer,  he  showed  from  boyhood  a predilection 
for  natural  history.  He  was  a favorite  student  of  Professor  Agassiz, 
and  when  only  a lad  of  seventeen  had  shared  his  labors  on  the  glacier 
of  the  Aar,  being  one  of  the  party  of  Alpine  explorers  who,  in  1840, 
made  their  home  under  the  famous  boulder  known  as  the  Hotel  des 
Neuchatelois.  When  his  friend  and  teacher  came  to  America  in  1847, 
he  accompanied  him,  and  remained  for  some  time  with  the  little  band 
of  naturalists  who,  first  at  East  Boston  and  subsequently  at  Cambridge, 
shared  his  labors.  In  1848  Pourtales  entered  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey,  where  his  ability  and  indefatigable  industry  were  at 
once  recognized,  and  he  remained  attached  to  that  branch  of  our 
public  service  for  many  years. 

In  1851  he  was  engaged  as  assistant  on  the  triangulation  of  the 
Florida  Reef.  While  there  he  collected  a number  of  Gephyreans  and 
Holothurikns  which  he  described  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  together  with  a number 
of  species  observed  by  him  while  living  at  East  Boston  and  assisting 
Professor  Agassiz  in  the  preparation  of  his  text-book  on  Zoology, 
afterwards  published  by  him  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Gould.  For 
this  text-book  Pourtales  prepared  the  greater  number  of  the  draw- 
ings. These  descriptions  and  those  of  Dr.  Gould  and  Dr.  Stimpson 


h/! 


4 


formed  for  a long  time  the  only  literature  of  the  large  number  of 
Annelids  and  Holothurians,  now  so  well  known  through  the  investiga- 
tions of  the  Fish  Commission  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States. 

Thus  prepared,  Pourtales  became  deeply  interested  in  everything 
relating  to  the  study  of  the  bed  of  the  ocean.  Thanks  to  the 
enlightened  support  of  the  then  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey, 
Professor  Bache,  and  of  his  successors,  Professor  Peirce  and  Captain 
Patterson,  he  was  enabled  to  devote  his  talents  and  industry  to  the 
comparatively  new  field  of  “ Thalassography  ” and  the  biological 
investigations  related  to  it.  So  interesting  and  valuable  were  the 
results  obtained,  not  only  as  an  aid  to  navigation,  but  in  their  wider 
bearing  on  the  history  of  the  Gulf  Stream  and  on  the  distribution  of 
animal  life  at  great  depths,  that  in  1866  he  wras  sent  out  by  Professor 
Peirce,  then  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey,  to  continue  these 
investigations  on  a larger  scale.  The  large  collections  of  samples  of 
sea-bottom  accumulated  by  the  different  hydrographic  expeditions  of 
the  United  States  Coast  Survey  were  carefully  examined  by  him ; and 
the  results,  accompanied  by  a chart  of  the  sea-bottom  on  the  east 
coast  of  the  United  States,  were  published  in  Petermann’s  “ Mittheil- 
ungen,”  in  advance  of  their  appearance  in  the  Coast  Survey  Reports. 

From  1854  until  his  resignation  as  Assistant  in  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey,  Mr.  Pourtales  had  charge  of  the  field  and  office  work 
of  the  Tidal  Division.  His  reports  to  the  Superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey,  incorporated  in  the  annual  Reports,  short 
as  they  are,  show  the  amount  and  value  of  his  work.  In  addition  to 
this  tidal  work,  he  was  also  at  times  assigned  to  special  duty,  as,  for 
instance,  at  the  magnetic  station  at  Eastport.  Previously  to  taking 
charge  of  the  Tidal  Division,  he  had  been  acting  under  the  more  direct 
supervision  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey,  either  in  con- 
nection with  the  tidal  work  or  the  calculation  of  longitudes. 

While  in  Florida  his  attention  was  drawn  to  the  habits  of  the  Fo- 
raminifera,  then  little  known,  and  his  first  papers  on  this  subject  were 
read  at  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  for  1850.  They  at  once  attracted  attention,  and  after  the 
death  of  Professor  Baily  of  West  Point  the  larger  series  of  samples 
from  the  sea-bottoms,  collected  by  the  officers  of  the  Coast  Survey, 
were  submitted  to  him  for  examination.  At  that  time  the  opinion  of 
Forbes,  that  the  depths  of  the  sea  were  absolutely  barren  of  life,  was 


5 

still  generally  accepted.  Sharing  this  view  with  other  naturalists, 
Pourtales  was  nevertheless  led  to  reconsider  it  in  connection  with  his 
observations  on  his  Foraminifera,  many  of  which  had  been  brought  up 
from  depths  far  below  that  considered  by  Forbes  to  be  the  limit  of 
life.  Did  they  belong  there,  or  was  their  natural  habitat,  like  that 
of  others  of  their  kind,*  nearer  the  surface;  and  had  they  simply 
dropped  to  the  bottom  after  death,  or  been  gradually  washed  down 
from  the  reefs  by  the  current?  This  question  is  discussed  with  much 
keenness  of  observation  in  his  report  on  the  Foraminifera  collected 
by  Craven  and  Maffitt.  He  inclined  to  believe  that  they  actually  lived 
where  they  were  found,  because  the  greater  number  of  individuals  in 
these  specimens  are  brought  up  in  perfect  condition,  notwithstanding 
the  extreme  delicacy  of  their  shells.  The  faint  pink  color  of  the 
Globigerinse,  for  instance,  could  scarcely  be  preserved  had  the  speci- 
mens been  transported  from  a distance,  and  the  best  argument  in  favor 
of  their  deeper  habitat  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  same  species  are 
found  uninjured  (and  at  great  depths)  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey.  It 
is,  however,  still  most  perplexing  that  the  same  species  are  also  found 
living  near  Cuba  and  elsewhere  in  the  West  Indies  under  very  differ- 
ent conditions  of  light  and  temperature. 

He  clearly  saw  that  our  ideas  of  the  bathymetrical  distribution  of 
the  higher  Invertebrates  were  to  be  greatly  modified;  for  he  says  in  one 
part  of  the  report : “ There  are  some  delicate  shells  of  mollusks  from 
depths  beyond  five  hundred  fathoms  where  they  were  certainly  living.” 
He  also  called  attention  to  the  existence  of  green  sand  as  one  of  the 
characteristic  deep-sea  formations  of  the  present  day.  “ A mixture  in 
about  equal  proportions  of  Globigerinas  and  black  sand  — probably 
green  sand.”  In  concluding  he  called  attention  to  the  importance  for 
geologists  of  a knowledge  of  the  habitat  and  distribution  of  Forami- 
nifera, on  account  of  their  large  share  in  the  formation  of  rocks,  at  least 
in  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  periods. 

While  examining  the  samples  of  bottom  collected  by  Commander 
Sands,  he  made  the  discovery  that  many  specimens  of  Orbulina  con- 
tained a young  Globigerina,  more  or  less  developed,  so  that  the  two 
genera  must  be  considered  as  probably  two  stages  of  alternate  genera- 
tion. He  was  also  able,  in  some  of  the  specimens  collected  by  Com- 
mander Sands,  to  trace  the  successive  changes  of  the  Foraminifera 

* Mr.  Pourtales,  in  1867,  observed  a species  of  Globigerina  floating  on  the 
surface  off  Havana. 


6 


into  green  sand,  from  the  most  fresh-looking  Foraminifera  of  various 
species  until  all  trace  of  their  origin  was^apparently  lost. 

In  1858  he  gave  a general  report  of  his  work  on  the  Foraminifera 
of  the  bottoms  collected  by  the  various  Gulf  Stream  expeditions  up 
to  that  time.  This  was  by  no  means  the  close  of  his  studies  in  this 
direction,  for  he  continued  as  a part  of  his  duties  of  Assistant  on  the 
Coast  Survey  to  have  charge  of  the  collection  of  bottom  deposits. 
The  general  results  of  his  studies  he  published  in  Petermann’s  “ Geogra- 
phische  Mittheilungen”  for  1871,  with  a map  showing  the  geographical 
and  bathymetrical  distribution  of  the  different  bottoms  on  the  east 
coast  of  the  Atlantic.  Fitted  as  he  was  both  by  taste  and  early  train- 
ing for  zoological  studies,  it  was  natural  that  the  Coast  Survey  should 
look  to  him  for  an  expansion  of  its  biological  work,  and  in  1867  he 
was  assigned  to  the  Coast  Survey  steamer  Corwin  in  order  to  make 
such  biological  collections  as  would  tend  to  elucidate  the  fauna  of  the 
bottom  of  the  Gulf  Stream  between  the  Florida  Keys  and  Cuba. 
The  breaking  out  of  yellow-fever  on  board  the  steamer  after  a few 
casts  had  been  taken  put  a stop  to  all  further  work  for  that  season. 
But  early  in  1868  the  campaign  was  opened  again  with  such  success, 
Acting  Master  Platt,  U.  S.  N.,  commanding  the  Coast  Survey  steamer 
Corwin,  that  Mr.  Pourtales  induced  Professor  Agassiz,  who  had  be- 
come greatly  interested  in  the  extraordinary  results  of  the  second 
expedition,  to  join  him  in  the  Bibb  for  the  third  cruise  in  1869.  The 
second  expedition,  from  the  brilliant  results  obtained,  may  be  said  to 
have  awakened  general  interest  in  the  subject  of  the  bathymetrical 
distribution  of  animal  life.  The  discovery  alone  of  the  great  range  in 
depth  of  Rhizocrinus  from  the  Straits  of  Florida  to  the  Loffoden  Islands 
opened  a field  of  investigation,  dimly  foreshadowed,  it  is  true,  by  the 
earlier  dredgings  of  the  older  and  younger  Sars,  and  the  wider  bearing 
of  which  Loven  had  anticipated  in  a paper  read  before  a meeting  of 
the  Scandinavian  naturalists  as  early  as  1863. 

In  the  Coast  Survey  Reports  for  1867  and  1868  are  to  be  found 
Pourtales’s  first  reports  on  the  fauna  of  the  Gulf  Stream  in  the 
Straits  of  Florida.  These  reports  were  published  with  greater 
biological  detail  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Bulletins  of  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  for  1867  and  1868. 

The  large  and  valuable  collections  made  by  Mr.  Pourtales  in  the 
Gulf  Stream,  as  well  as  those  made  under  his  direction  on  board  the 
Hassler,  were  deposited  at  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 


7 


Cambridge,  and  thence  distributed  as  rapidly  as  possible  to  be  worked 
up  by  specialists  throughout  the  scientific  world.  To  these  were  after- 
ward added  the  results  of  the  three  Blake  expeditions,  which  were 
indeed  the  natural  continuation  of  the  work  initiated  by  Pourtales. 
The  collections  thus  sown  broadcast  have  already  borne  a rich  harvest 
in  special  reports  upon  Echinoderms,  Corals,  Crinoids,  Foraminifera, 
Sponges,  Annelids,  Hydroids,  Bryozoa,  Mollusks,  and  Crustacea,  pre- 
pared by  the  most  eminent  investigators  of  America  and  Europe,  and 
published  principally  in  the  Bulletins  of  the  Museum.  They  form 
a part  of  that  series  of  international  monographs  to  which  Sir  Wyville 
Thomson,  following  the  liberal  policy  adopted  and  advised  by  the 
Director  of  the  Museum,  is  making  such  generous  contributions 
through  the  collections  of  the  Challenger. 

An  examination  of  the  characteristic  deep-sea  Echinoderms,  Sponges, 
and  Corals  showed  at  once  the  ancient  characters  of  the  types ; while 
the  similarity  of  the  genera  of  Echini  to  those  of  the  chalk,  the  dis- 
covery of  representatives  of  the  Infulasteridse  (Pourtalesia),*  of 
Salenia,  of  Hemipedina,  Conoclypus,  and  others,  led  the  way  to  the 
theories  of  Thomson  regarding  the  great  antiquity  of  these  forms  and 
to  the  modern  theories  as  to  the  formation  of  the  chalk.  The  old 
view  of  Guyot  and  of  Dana  upon  the  great  antiquity  of  continents 
and  of  oceanic  basins  received  also  a strong  support  from  the  data 
obtained  in  Mr.  Pourtales’s  dredgings.  The  specimens  of  bottom 
showed  conclusively  that  we  had  not  had,  in  former  geological  times, 
any  deposits  strictly  corresponding  to  those  now  forming  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  ocean  in  great  depths. 

Mr.  Pourtales  was  indeed  the  pioneer  of  deep-sea  dredging  in 
America,  and  he  lived  long  enough  to  see  that  these  earlier  expeditions 
had  paved  the  way  not  only  for  similar  English,  French,  and  Scan- 
dinavian researches,  but  had  led  in  this  country  to  the  ITassler  and 
finally  to  the  Blake  expeditions  under  the  auspices  of  the  Hon. 
Carlile  Patterson,  the  present  Superintendent  of  our  Coast  Survey. 
On  the  Hassler  Expedition,  from  Massachusetts  Bay  through  the 
Straits  of  Magellan  to  California,  he  had  entire  charge  of  the  dredging 
operations.  Owing  to  circumstances  beyond  his  control,  the  deep-sea 
explorations  of  that  expedition  were  not  as  successful  as  he  antici- 
pated. 

* This  genus  is  the  representative  of  the  most  interesting  family  of  Echini 
brought  to  light  by  deep-sea  dredging : it  was  named  in  honor  of  Pourtales  in 
1869. 


8 


At  the  death  of  his  father,  Mr.  Pourtales  was  left  in  an  independent 
position,  which  allowed  him  to  devote  himself  more  completely  than 
ever  to  his  zoological  studies.  He  resigned  his  official  connection  with 
the  Coast  Survey,  and  returned  to  Cambridge,  where  he  became 
thenceforth  identified  with  the  progress  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology.  To  Professor  Agassiz  his  presence  there  was  invaluable. 
In  youth  one  of  his  favorite  pupils,  throughout  life  his  friend  and  col- 
league, lie  now  became  the  support  of  his  failing  strength. 

Mr.  Pourtales  reserved  to  himself  the  corals,  Ilalcyonarians,  Holo- 
thurians,  and  Crinoids,  of  the  different  deep-sea  dredging  expeditions 
with  which  he  was  connected.  A number  of  his  papers  on  the  deep- 
sea  corals  of  Florida,  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  have  appeared  in  the  Museum  publications.  The  Crinoid 
memoirs  published  by  him  relate  to  a few  new  species  of  Comatulae, 
and  to  the  interesting  genera  Rhizocrinus  and  Holopus. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  Mr.  Pourtales  was  engaged  in  the  study 
of  the  Holothurians  and  the  magnificent  collection  of  Halcyonarians 
of  the  Blake.  Unfortunately  he  had  not  advanced  far  enough  in 
his  preliminary  work  to  make  its  completion  possible ; so  that  the 
Hol6thurians  of  the  Blake  will  now  be  worked  up  with  those  of 
the  Challenger,  while  the  Halcyonarians  must  be  left  undetermined 
for  the  present,  the  Antipatharia  alone  having  been  finished. 

His  largest  and  most  important  work  is  his  monograph  on  the  deep- 
sea  corals,  published  as  one  of  the  illustrated  catalogues  of  the  Mu- 
seum of  Comparative  Zoology.  This  was  published  in  1871,  and  in 
it  he  describes  the  corals  he  collected  in  the  years  1867-1869,  while 
on  the  Coast  Survey  expeditions  to  explore  the  Gulf  Stream.  As  an 
introduction  to  the  memoir,  we  find  a short  resume  of  the  conditions  of 
the  floor  of  the  Gulf  Stream  between  Cuba,  the  Bahamas,  and  the 
Florida  Keys,  and  a.  map  with  sections  and  other  details  showing  the 
ground  covered  by  the  dredgings  of  Mr.  Pourtales.  Throughout 
the  memoir  there  are  scattered  most  important  general  remarks  on 
the  affinities  of  the  different  families,  the  most  interesting  of  which 
are  those  on  the  Rugosa  and  the  Stylasteridoe.  He  also  wrote  for 
Appleton’s  Cyclopaedia  a number  of  articles  on  the  Atlantic,  Indian, 
and  Pacific  Oceans,  on  the  Polar  Seas,  the  Galapagos,  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  Juan  Fernandez,  and  Deep-sea  Dredging. 

The  titles  of  his  memoirs  indicate  the  range  of  his  learning  and  his 
untiring  industry.  His  devotion  to  science  was  boundless.  A model 


9 


worker,  so  quiet  that  his  enthusiasm  was  known  only  to  those  who 
watched  his  steadfast  labor,  he  toiled  on  year  after  year  without  a 
thought  of  seif,  wholly  engrossed  in  his  search  after  truth.  He  never 
entered  into  a single  scientific  controversy,  nor  even  asserted  or  de- 
fended his  claims  to  discoveries  of  his  own  which  had  escaped  atten- 
tion. But  while  modest  to  a fault,  and  absolutely  careless  of  his  own 
position,  he  could  rebuke  in  a peculiarly  effective  though  alwa}7s  cour- 
teous manner  ignorant  pretensions  or  an  assumption  of  infallibility. 

Appointed  keeper  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  after  the 
death  of  Professor  Agassiz,  he  devoted  a large  part  of  his  time  to  the 
administration  of  the  Museum  affairs.  Always  at  his  post,  he  passed 
from  his  original  investigations  to  practical  details,  carrying  out  plans 
which  he  had  himself  helped  to  initiate  for  the  growth  of  the  institu- 
tion. As  he  had  been  the  devoted  friend  of  Professor  Agassiz,  he 
became  to  his  son  a wise  and  affectionate  counsellor,  without  whose 
help  in  the  last  ten  years  the  Museum  could  not  have  taken  the  place 
it  now  occupies. 

If  he  did  not  live  to  see  the  realization  of  his  scientific  hopes,  he 
lived  at  least  long  enough  to  feel  that  their  fulfilment  is  only  a matter 
of  time.  He  has  followed  Wyman  and  Agassiz,  and  like  them  has 
left  his  fairest  monument  in  the  work  he  has  accomplished  and  the 
example  he  leaves  to  his  successors. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  February,  1881. 


The  following  are  the  principal  publications  of  Mr.  Pourtales : — 

1850.  On  the  Distribution  of  Foraminifera  on  the  Coast  of  New  Jersey,  as  shown 

by  the  Off-shore  Soundings  of. the  Coast  Survey.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc, 
for  Adv.  of  Sc.,  Charleston  meeting,  1850. 

On  the  Order  of  Succession  of  Parts  in  Foraminifera.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc, 
for  Adv.  of  Sc.,  Charleston  meeting,  1850.  Also  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc. 
and  Arts,  2d  series,  Yol.  II.  1851. 

1851.  On  the  Holothuridae  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States.  Proc. 

Amer.  Assoc,  for  Adv.  of  Sc.,  1851,  p.  8. 

A paper  read  in  1847  at  meeting  of  Ass.  of  Amer.  Geol.  and  Nat.  at 
Boston. 

1851.  On  the  Gephyrea  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States.  Proc. 
Amer.  Assoc,  for  Adv.  of  Sc.,  1851,  p.  39. 


10 


1853.  Extract  from  Letters  of  L.  F.  Pourtales,  Assistant  in  the  Coast  Survey 

to  the  Superintendent  upon  the  Examination  of  Specimens  of  Bottom 
obtained  in  the  Exploration  of  the  Gulf  Stream  by  Lieutenants-Com- 
manding  T.  A.  M.  Craven  and  J.  N.  Maflitt,  U.  S.  N.  Coast  Survey 
Report  for  1853,  and  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc,  for  Adv.  of  Sc.,  Cleveland 
meeting,  1853. 

1854.  Tidal  Reports. 

1858.  Report  of  Assistant  L.  F.  Pourtales  on  the  Progress  made  in  the  Micro- 
scopical Examination  of  Specimens  of  Bottom  from  Deep-Sea  Sound- 
ings. Coast  Survey  Report  for  1858. 

1858.  On  the  Genera  Orbulina  and  Globigerina.  By  L.  F.  Pourtales.  Amer. 
Journ.  of  Sc.  and  Arts,  2d  series,  Vol.  XXXVI.  1858. 

1867.  Report  on  the  Fauna  of  the  Gulf  Stream  in  the  Straits  of  Florida.  By 

L.  F.  Pourtales.  Coast  Survey  Report  for  1867. 

Contributions  to  the  Fauna  of  the  Gulf  Stream  at  great  Depths.  By  L. 
F.  Pourtales,  Assistant  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
Vol.  I.  No.  6.  Cambridge,  1867.  . pp.  18. 

1868.  Contributions  to  the  Fauna  of  the  Gulf  Stream  at  Great  Depths  (2d 

series).  By  L.  F.  Pourtales,  Assistant  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  I.  No.  7.  Cambridge,  1868.  pp.  22. 

1868.  Report  of  Assistant  L.  F.  Pourtales  on  Dredgings  made  in  the  Sea  near 

the  Florida  Reef.  Coast  Survey  Report  for  1868. 

1869.  The  Gulf  Stream.  Characteristics  of  the  Atlantic  Sea-Bottom  off  the 

Coast  of  the  United  States.  By  L.  F.  Pourtales.  Coast  Survey  Report 
for  1869. 

1869.  List  of  the  Crinoids  obtained  on  the  Coasts  of  Florida  and  Cuba  by  the 
U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Gulf  Stream  Expeditions  in  1867,  1868,  and  1869. 
By  L.  F.  Pourtales,  Assistant  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  Vol.  I.  No.  11.  ‘ Cambridge,  1869.  pp.  4. 

1869.  List  of  Holothuridae  from  the  Deep-Sea  Dredgings  of  the  United  States 

Coast  Survey.  By  L.  F.  Pourtales,  Assistant  U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  I.  No.  12.  Cambridge,  1869.  pp.  3. 

1870.  Der  Boden  des  Golfstromes  und  der  Atlantischen  Kiiste  Nord  Amerika’s. 

Von  L.  F.  Pourtales.  Petermann’s  Geograph.  Mittheilungen,  1870. 
Heft  XI.  pp.  5.  1 map. 

1871.  Deep-Sea  Corals.  By  L.  F.  Pourtales,  Assistant  U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  II.  No.  4.  (Me- 
moirs, Vol.  II.  No.  4.)  Cambridge,  1871.  pp.  93.  Pis.  8. 

1874.  The  Zoological  Results  of  the  Hassler  Expedition.  I.  Echini,  Crinoids, 

and  Corals.  By  Alexander  Agassiz  and  L.  F.  Pourtales.  pp.  54.  15 

woodcuts.  Pis.  10.  II.  Ophiuridae  and  Astrophytidae,  including  those 
dredged  by  the  late  Dr.  Stimpson.  By  Theodore  Lyman.  Ulust.  Cat. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  No.  8.  (Memoirs,  Vol.  IV.)  Cambridge,  1874. 
pp.  34.  4 woodcuts.  Pis.  5. 

1875.  Corals  at  the  Galapagos  Islands.  By  L.  F.  Pourtales.  Amer.  Journ. 

of  Sc.  and  Arts,  3d  series.  Vol.  X.  1875. 


11 


1876.  Recent  Corals  from  Tilibiche,  Peru.  By  Alexander  Agassiz  and  L.  F. 

Pourtales.  pp.  4.  1 plate.  March,  1876. 

1878.  Reports  on  the  Dredging  Operations  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Steamer 
“ Blake.”  II.  Echini.  By  A.  Agassiz.  — Corals  and  Crinoids.  By 
L.  F.  Pourtales. — Ophiurans.  By  T.  Lyman. — pp.  58.  11  plates. 

December,  14,  1878. 

1880.  Report  on  the  Results  of  Dredging,  etc.  VI.  Report  on  the  Corals 
and  Antipatharia.  By  L.  F.  Pourtales.  pp.  26.  3 plates.  February, 

1880. 

1880.  Report  on  the  Florida  Reefs.  By  Louis  Agassiz.  Accompanied  by 
Illustrations  of  Florida  Corals,  from  drawings  by  A.  Sonrel,  Burkhardt, 
A.  Agassiz,  and  Roetter.  With  an  Explanation  of  the  Plates,  by  L. 
F.  Pourtales.  Published  by  permission  of  A.  D.  Bache  and  Carlile 
P.  Patterson,  Superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  pp.  61. 
23  plates.  May,  1880. 

In  Appleton’s  Encyclopaedia  the  following  articles  : — 

Atlantic  Ocean,  Vol.  II.  — Dredging  (Deep-Sea),  Vol.  VI.  — Galapagos,  Vol. 

VII.  — Indian  Ocean,  Vol.  IX. — Juan  Fernandez,  Vol.  IX.  — Magel- 
lan, Straits  of,  Vol.  X. — Mediterranean  Sea,  Vol.  XI.  — Pacific  Ocean, 
Vol.  XII.  — Polar  Seas  (geography),  Vol.  XIII. 


